New Step by Step Map For paypal micropayment

By clicking ??Accept All Cookies?? you agree to the storing of cookies with your machine to enhance web site navigation, assess site usage, and help within our marketing efforts.|Nonetheless, with that currently being reported. Sometimes getting equally payment gateways may very well be a benefit for your business. Especially in other countries. Not Everybody includes a credit card and plenty of shoppers and bloggers use PayPal balances to pay for every little thing.|Another micropayments model is known as spend-as-you-go, and it's fairly similar to the prior 1. In this case, you buy Anything you?�ve resolved to acquire without delay, even so the micropayment processor is tied to the credit score/debit card.|?� Multi-Sig engineering (dividing control of cash amongst several keyholders) can be used in a variety of techniques to attain a desired incentive composition and affect human conduct. Micropayment channels are one these types of development.|In addition, some micropayment processors, such as PayPal, offer a pay as you go program, meaning a person masses a connected card or account for credit which might be used in micropayments. On the other hand, transaction payment prices is usually steeper on micropayments??though|although|even though|however|while|nevertheless}, in a few locations, PayPal delivers reduce transaction fees on micropayments beneath $twelve.|Shoppers wishing to avail them selves of this company will have to sign up with banking institutions which source this support. (MPFI) is the umbrella organisation that's accountable for deploying cellular payments in India.|While Stripe?�s inclusion of wallets and extended card networks veers this victory of their favor, PayPal Credit can certainly idea the scales in PayPal?�s favor Should your shopper base is largely in the US.|Inform us about this instance sentence: The term in the example sentence isn't going to match the entry term. The sentence contains offensive articles. Terminate Post Thanks! Your comments are going to be reviewed. #verifyErrors message |People hurdles exist now since the rise of the online world and will be regarded as a real flaw in right now?�s Net. In the main version in the requirements for HTML, the founders of the fashionable World-wide-web, experienced already envisaged this sort of micro-payments and in some cases foresaw a certain HTTP return code, i.|The MMID is not really prepared to be a solution it is simply an identifier and it doesn't give absent any delicate details with regard to the shopper.|Most folks have probably encountered the subsequent situation. You visit a retail store, get a little product to acquire, and pull out your bank card to purchase it. Even so the clerk disapoints: ?�Sorry, you'll want to invest in not less than $five of things to make use of your charge card??|Was seeking a simple way to set up and system smaller transactions together with incentivize engagement by way of social networking and this plugin totally shipped on anything from rate to performance to customer service!|But, when upgrading towards the Micropayment price, this rate relates to all transactions. Even though you are able to only get approved that has a lower common, it?�s important to take into consideration how this amount will have an effect on your higher Charge transactions.|At this point there are one hundred of Alice?�s bits locked in escrow with Bob, along with a refund could quickly ship These bits back again to Alice following per month.|Cookies assist us customise the PayPal Community in your case, and a few are needed to make our website get the job done. By browsing this Internet site, you consent to using cookies. Learn more Acknowledge Reject Browse classes shut navigation menu|However the expression ?�micropayments??was basically coined inside the sixties by Ted Nelson, an author and technological innovation philosopher, and afterwards totally explored in his 1982 ebook ?�Literary Equipment??as a means to compensate copyright owners. Micropayments have been regarded as a much better payment technique for royalties.|Preload Wallet ??Instantly generate factors or an Original amount of Digital currency when customers signup.This is often finished when a new user indications up or after you to begin with put in the plugin.|For monitoring the gross sales of various products, retailers can sign-up several SMS search phrase for various products, permitting them to recognize the suitable distribution tree to employ.|Of course. For this we?�d propose setting up the Micropayments team steps Incorporate-on or speaking to us for personalisation. The Increase-on permits preferred person roles or teams of end users on your own WordPress internet site being mechanically granted or billed factors on a chosen interval. To find out more regarding how this will work check out the solution webpage by clicking right here.|The provision of this sort of private information by sending it within contact aspects is not really limited to tokens or to utilize in an e-purse system.|Seamlessly built-in with WooCommerce and simple Digital Downloads, your users can hard cash factors in for actual goods, reward factors to a different consumer, obtain details specifically with their credit card, and so much more!}

like a meals or coffee shipping put on line via an app like DoorDash. But transaction costs usually exceed the payments by themselves; This is the typical criticism of micropayments within the retailer?�s aspect.|Payment system (Graphic resource: Zulily) So payment plans are absolutely a energy for a merchant with bigger-finish inventory (or simply just planning to transfer into that sort of stock). It?�s better still In case the service provider?�s payment gateway can make it easy to setup.|We're a boutique program advancement enterprise having a crew of passionate engineers that are enthusiastic to develop mission pushed merchandise. Our crew has created and sent computer software at Microsoft, Google, researched at leading engineering colleges and been startup founders.|Mobile payments could also open up the likelihood for brand name-new Firm versions, as now 1 would've the aptitude to pay and receive even minimal sums of cash, practically instantaneously. A range of benefit-extra providers according to cell payment transactions are by now acquiring in the market.|보통 ?�금???�비?��? ?�용?�시??분들?� ?�액결제?�금???��?지 분류�??�누??집니??Out of the gate, PayPal permits you to take each important bank card, any payment method PayPal buyers can keep (which includes eChecks), and PayPal Credit rating. It?�s that last just one that makes this metric a tricky a single to call.|While just several personifications are explained, it should be recognized that the personifications stated herein are nonetheless embodiments of fundamental concepts with the innovation.|Micropayments are processed and stored digitally (in the form of straightforward byte arrays or sequences of bits) which instantly hosts new technological problems and restrictions to make a program which include:|For greater market penetration, the micropayment technique needs to take a position major expenditures in initial promoting and common consciousness among users.|Your browser isn?�t supported any longer. Update it to find the greatest YouTube experience and our most recent capabilities. Find out more|And Even though micropayments are sometimes built on-line for digital information like guides and music or cryptocurrency, you'll find other works by using as well. |Our on-line payment Remedy permits purchasers and sellers to perform e-commerce with no utilization of regular bank cards or Pay, Buddy, that have extremely reduced penetration in establishing nations like the Philippines. As an added safety, an OTP is going to be despatched out on your registered cellular range or e-mail tackle.|Next, There may be yet another way micropayments get the job done, and it could be identified as a pay as you go technique. A shopper should build an account that has a micropayment processor and top rated it up.|five. Anonymity: Anonymity in micropayment programs may be connected with the amount Every single social gathering is aware about Other people. It?�s an Particularly fascinating need in regard of equally the user and the implementation of the micropayment devices.|While these further measures are admittedly small and could not appear to be Significantly, there?�s a prosperity of scientific evidence that suggests they may be hitting your bottom line.|Case in point in the Hansard archive. Has Parliamentary details accredited beneath the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 This could be completed by a promissory note to get encashed more than a duration of a long time, with expenses remaining achieved because they occur from sums voted for abroad help. From the Hansard archive|The good thing is, this is where PayPal Micropayments are available. Micropayments provide a lower amount for tiny transactions, based on your typical transaction quantity. On this page we?�ll include how PayPal Micropayments get the job done, and regardless of whether you could potentially advantage.}

intelligent contracts.|Knowledge integrity could imply the defense from the transported and saved knowledge from the other functions, in parallel to the defense of the identification.}

Automating these contracts might make day to day transactions big and tiny a lot quicker and more secure, maximizing fluidity inside the overall economy. All?? you consent to the use of Every one of the cookies. Having said that, you could take a look at "Cookie Settings" to supply a controlled consent.|Blended models could also be appealing, i.e. pay a subscription model for the foundation offer and have the ability to get added written content by paying a independent payment or by letting the company provider to drive you adds or gather your own knowledge.|The wallet and Digital forex Option can be employed with the WooCommerce or Simple Digital Downloads cart program to get true or virtual merchandise.|Lock periods is often a bitcoin aspect that does exactly what you?�d Imagine: it will make a transaction inadmissible to the community right until a specific time. Bitcoins can only be used the moment from an tackle (much like the dollar expenses inside your wallet, when you give them to some other person you could?�t make use of them yet again), so a locked transaction will commit the coins it uses as inputs at a specific time Sooner or later, Except if Individuals coins are to start with expended by a prior transaction.|With two payment gateways come 2 times as a lot of distributors, twice as many things to go Erroneous, so you?�ll very likely shed out on volume-centered discount rates from your respective gateways.|The intricacies of these interactions may get quite convoluted. A simple way to have a look at a payment gateway is as an envoy that routes details amongst merchants and banks.|FinTech gamers or payment facilitators like Paypal or Stripe, as They are really now giving incredibly related solutions|Major merchants that currently offer a chance to do that involve eBay, even so you can also develop a custom code in case you?�re promoting by your personal Web page.|Among the solutions to apply this provider is to deliver a micropayment platform. This is a System that is able to manage compact transactions. Nevertheless, below we even have a couple of possibilities.|nine%). If you want to reap the benefits of the PayPal Micropayments rate structure, then here is the phase-by-action guideline to start earning a little extra money. At this minute, This is often only obtainable for US-based streamers. We're focusing on rolling it out for other regions when we can easily.|Regardless of the you?�re promoting, or which payment gateway you use, you?�ll must shell out card processing costs on Just about every transaction. But Once your frequent transactions are of compact benefit, it can start to feel such as you?�re getting rid of out on a big chunk within your gross sales.|Import ??Import from the CSV file a listing of consumer-id or email messages using an sum to incorporate to each wallet. You can also increase destructive quantities or override wallet worth.|Micropayments enable players to purchase Digital merchandise offered in-activity. Purchasing Digital merchandise is actually a get-win for both builders and players as developers may build additional reliable product sales by giving specific merchandise and costumes and gamers can skip expensive expansion packs and fork out only for what they need.|Frequently, these programs are token-primarily based where the many issued or incoming tokens are administered centrally Therefore the load on these brokers is often substantial. In this system commonly, the amount of issued and acquiring tokens are over the number of accounts administered.|Entry your MicroPayments wallets using API phone calls from an exterior provider, such as an app. Check if a wallet has ample details and incorporate or subtract Digital currency from a person wallet.|API ??Much more Highly developed functions involve plugin filters that enable you to combine MicroPayments with your site concept or other plugins and increase or subtract virtual currency from consumer wallets.|You can think about it like opening a tab in a bar, apart from you as well as the bartender don?�t should trust each other outside of only one drink, as should you experienced paid out for every one separately. Actually, It could be additional like should they didn?�t believe in each other over and above one sip.|Export ??Export all wallets to the CSV file Using the user e-mail and volume of Digital forex readily available.}

Factors Administration ??The factors and Digital credit rating administration process supports any sort of Group site and in-site monetary or points primarily based transactions.??system.|For payment to retailers, they use An additional medium with the client which vastly decreases revenue management. Governance [modify] Cellular payments might have a big impact on interaction with federal government providers and are increasingly being checked out in India.}

just like a cable Tv set subscriber purchasing a Film on demand from customers via their Tv set provider for around $five.|In summary, Bitcoin allows for the automation of many danger-reduction tactics that are as-of-nevertheless only Employed in standard finance for big transactions as a result of overhead they incur.|Multiple wallets may also be supported. They might then immediately load their wallet by getting Digital forex with real funds or gain details by completing outlined actions.|To start out the payment channel for fuel she writes a transaction that would put one hundred of her bits right into a two-of-two multi-sig address together with her critical and Bob?�s key. After she sends that transaction to your Bitcoin community the bits are locked within an account and will only be spent if each Alice and Bob agree.|Consumers can observe their electronic wallet increase, shell out the equilibrium on electronic or Bodily solutions, or reward forex to other people.|Currently, we?�re likely to check and distinction these two payment gateways and acquire down to the bottom from the Stripe vs. PayPal debate.|When you?�re processing a higher quantity of little value transactions, the regular fee 휴대폰소액결제현금화 방법 rate can begin to appear to be it?�s taking in greatly into what goes into your account.|Other uncategorized cookies are those who are being analyzed and possess not been categorised right into a class as however. SAVE & Settle for|Car-propose aids you rapidly slender down your search engine results by suggesting attainable matches as you type.|Whilst Stripe claims they?�re working on implementing this element, as of now, they get rid of this battle by a landslide.|Certainly. Utilizing a shortcode you'll be able to add an interface which involve the option for user to send out factors to a different consumer. Also within the configurations panel, you'll be able to determine which steps performed by your people will permit them to get far more points and that may lead to a deduction of details, with regards to the attributes readily available on your website.|You can find in the meanwhile no smooth technique to execute a payment, with out passing by a fancy and prolonged digital signing course of action. In addition, creating a payment account on a web site, simply to see one post, would end in a higher bounce amount.|Running just a couple of payment gateways a great deal depends upon the marketplace, Everything you?�re providing, and the type of shoppers you have got.|Instance with the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary data accredited under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 This will likely be finished by a promissory Notice to generally be encashed more than a period of several years, with prices becoming satisfied because they occur from sums voted for overseas help. From your Hansard archive|PayPal provides a application for Business Accounts referred to as ?�Micropayments??(available only to streamers from The us). This software variations the rate rates which you get when getting payments from other consumers. The thought driving it can be that companies that approach a lot of modest greenback transactions find yourself obtaining a greater chunk of costs taken out (that base payment of 30 cents is a sizable quantity out of a $one payment), And so the cost framework compensates for that.}

A govt could pay a micro-payment each time you employ a rubbish bin (incentivizing in order to avoid squander)

Although they are doing give you a forum where Neighborhood users can presumably be offered at any time, it?�s not the exact same point as receiving official support, a thing they acknowledge in a very disclaimer out in the gate after you accessibility the Group website page. Therefore, facts in there ought to be taken which has a grain of salt.

/?ped.?l/ a small Element of a machine or item that is pushed down Together with the foot to work or move the device or item??stage it means that their cash is Secure and gets the product whenever they pay back and within the ??Merchant|Service provider}??issue it could necessarily mean which they acquire their income in time towards their sold products.|Likely in more deep, the security issue is often divided into subcategories: authentication and authorization, non-repudiation, knowledge integrity, and confidentiality. Authentication and authorization are the chance to verify the id with the consumer as he claims the origin of your transaction.|Cost-effective difficulties stand for the non-complex concerns which can right effect the micropayment units. Affordable dimension relates to the monetary part of the process mostly from the merchant and lender?�s viewpoint. Some major cost-effective challenges Along with the micropayment method are:}

WooCommerce ??WooCommerce plugin integration also supports two payment methods: a payment gateway by which end users should purchase products with their digital wallet balance and the option to get digital currency with authentic revenue. several hours. This could give PayPal plenty of time to complete flipping the activate your secondary account. When this is completed, deliver your self a payment from your ordinary account towards your Micropayments-enabled account.|We should provide the slight edge to PayPal right here as countries supported is going to be extra significant that currencies. Portion of this too is usually that PayPal has existed for a long period, whereas Stripe is participating in capture up In terms of supporting new countries.|Search encapsulating encapsulation encase encased encash encasing -ence enceinte encephalitis Check your vocabulary with our fun impression quizzes|The above dialogue mostly offers While using the underlying technological, affordable, and social difficulties of a super micropayment technique. The development of universal micropayment systems would nonetheless need new innovation in technological know-how and organization-wise.|The safety of the micropayment technique generally depends on the hardware (where by the payment is getting processed) as well as application (the payment community which processes the transaction). Recent fundamental methods are at risk of eavesdropping and therefore very easy to get tempered.|seven. Hardware Dependency: Standard payment process ??credit card mostly count on hardware safety to forestall double-expending which include further costs to merchant. Preferably, the micropayment technique shouldn't count on supplemental hardware or fundamental decrease community level.|Having crafted the circulation tree constructions while in the e-purse databases 104, the Fee thanks to every level of suppliers can easily be computed and paid out in authentic time The instant a sale is concluded and the entire approach may be Totally paperless.|Prime up Charge ??Cost end users a flat total each and every time they receive or obtain points. This deduction might be revealed within the log.|But while in the race of remaining distinctive, Just about every individual has developed massive holes from the robustness of cryptography in their methods, inherently minimizing the dependability of recent micropayment units.|Publish-spend: With publish-pay, consumers pay back once they?�ve created a certain number of micropayments. Retailers keep an eye on a customer?�s transactions and then Monthly bill all of them in just one amount.|The sort of the MMID permits shoppers to function several price savings account connected to just one cell range; Each and every financial savings account has its have MMID.|A tab transaction is published to increment tiny payments from the tab involving Alice and Bob. These transactions are composed to be legitimate around the bitcoin community but They're only shared and validated by Alice and Bob (right until it?�s time for you to settle up and shut the tab). Each and every tab transaction spends from the very same two-of-2 output which the refund would have. People transactions are valid since the refund can?�t be declared until finally once the lock time has expired. An initial tab transaction sends all one hundred bits again to Alice, but as Alice receives gas from Bob, she updates the tab transaction to send 10, then twenty, then thirty bits to Bob and the rest back again to herself.|At this stage, you are going to now have two PayPal accounts. You could website link both equally of these accounts to precisely the same banking account, and withdraw the balances exactly the same as you might have finished prior to.| 0 likes Thanks quite a bit for the exciting remark and feedback. Certainly as I mention in my short article, there is a extended quest for "micro-payments" and in many cases now technology just isn't entirely experienced to totally aid the use instances, but am persuaded that eventually it can materialize. As for many evolutions, markets Do not evolve as rapid as men and women foresee.|Several Fintech startups are seeking to structure their own mechanism from scratch and eventually failed. There is a perceived need for style and operational secrecy.|It?�s feasible that no universal micropayment system may be produced in the near future. But possibly several micropayment systems may coexist, battling for sector shares and seeking to amass buyer bases, merchants, and large economical providers to back again them.|Then again, it really is fascinating to know how distinctive corporations use micropayments, and no matter if There may be any different method to implement this sort of payment.|One more non-technical difficulty ??the social dimension signifies the ??soft|gentle|delicate|comfortable|smooth|tender}??problems mainly a priority of the customer. These worries incorporate:|Whilst I've observed some Directions for micropayment set up, I have not viewed the option for making this variation on my account.|We have designed logic in to the tipping site in order that any strategies is going to be directed to the deal with that offers the lowest price (less than $12, it can go for your Micropayments account, earlier mentioned $twelve, it's going to go towards your regular PayPal account).|Repeated customers are penalized when paying out for every service unit. This might be solved by several different payment schemes, but This might make pricing more complex and intransparent for consumers.|The things they did with mine was Individually acquire my notarized files. You do not ought to mail and type of file right here, you just need to have to obtain the details of partners or incoporators ready .|PayPal payment approaches We?�re not performed just after we click the ??continue|carry on|proceed|keep on|continue on|go on}??button, although. Include One more click on to receive as a result of this ??Agree|Concur} & Continue??screen.}

The explanation they do This is certainly you'll find fees for working with charge cards. These service fees purchase the overhead of running an Digital payment method that will involve heaps of people, corporations, and costly fraud avoidance. Here is the very same reason you may?�t purchase a solitary ten cent merchandise on-line. at the time informed me that micropayments was an strategy ??that has a|which has a|that features a|that includes a} large amount of probable - and usually will,??indicating of course that it's going to hardly ever really come about.??The potential for additional load moments is worth bearing in mind when evaluating the checkout approach: buyers are notably impatient.|Micropayment channels use each multi-sig know-how and a lock time. Multi-sig is actually a attribute of your Bitcoin protocol that enables Handle in excess of an degree of bitcoins to be divided in between several people. Paying out bitcoins from the multi-sig handle could involve, for example, two folks signing transactions with two diverse cryptographic keys. We?�d phone that tackle a two-of-two handle as the address has 2 keys and 2 keys are necessary to transact.|Speaking of payments, your decision of gateway can noticeably Restrict your clients??choices for shelling out you. Who provides the least restrictions?|The MicroPayments plugin offers you the flexibility to make any virtual currency, benefits, or loyalty application on the WordPress Web-site.|On the micropayments side, PayPal will be the obvious victor, charging drastically a lot less than Stripe for every microtransaction. Micropayments are generally those under $ten.|In a environment where by each individual cent counts, this provides up rapidly. The balancing issue for this composition is at $twelve, in which a transaction for this quantity will see exactly the same fee quantity from possibly transaction software.|In addition, it enables people today-men and women fund transfers, like a moms and father transferring an allowance to a kid, or is a valuable way of making charitable contributions.|This information is supplied by an exterior author without the need of modifying by Finextra. It expresses the sights and thoughts of your writer.|Google Adverts employs a strategy with content creators for instance YouTubers. These authors monetize their materials with a Google platform, earning income by means of ad sights and clicks. Payment is made on the content producer immediately after these micropayments attain a specified stage, such as $one hundred.|A robust WordPress plugin for generating cell responsive discussion Discussion board exactly where customers post questions, responses and remarks. Includes Highly developed admin moderation, accessibility control, social websites login, person profiles and user votes for ideal answer.|Insert an address for Micropayments. Once you have confirmed that Micropayments is up and jogging on your account, you ought to see an choice to insert an handle for Micropayments (click the arrow in the event you don?�t see it). Be sure to enter in the handle for this second account.|IAP (in-app purchases) is one of those locations. And it doesn?�t issue whether it is a match or an academic application we have been speaking about. Cell applications are a wonderful sector for micropayments.|IAP, Incidentally, is much more efficient than ??pay|spend|pay out|shell out|fork out|pay back} us, and also you?�ll in no way see this ad?? or ??buy|purchase|acquire|get|obtain|invest in} top quality without any ads or commercials?? if we have been referring to application monetization.|Protection and fraud detection: when accessing an internet site fees a fraction of a eurocent, this would not really burden a true Actual physical person, but for hacking attacks, articles scraping and bots (e.g. for on the net ad fraud), This might give a concern because they make A huge number of connections per second, finally bringing about substantial charges.}

commonly $100?�that a creator must reach prior to payment is issued.|Usually Enabled Essential cookies are Completely essential for the web site to operate adequately. These cookies be certain primary functionalities and security measures of the website, anonymously.|Prepay: Prepay enables clients to create micropayments for products such as application downloads or on-desire motion pictures by utilizing Digital forex stored on a present card or in a very digital wallet.|Instance from the Hansard archive. Incorporates Parliamentary facts certified under the Open up Parliament Licence v3.0 Individuals have been misled as to what, in outcome, might be the value in their discounts whenever they came finally to encash|4. Latency: This really is a vital prerequisite for an internet-oriented micropayment procedure the reaction moments should be small even at peak moments. Identification and authentication of information with the consumers before any payments is often produced really should not be necessary continuously, considering that the amount of transaction volume is superior along with the latency requirements, specifically for micropayment mechanisms, are very intricate.|You can also reward bonus details to a consumer every time they obtain present EDD products and change MicroPayments details into discount codes for Coupon codes or upcoming purchases.|Incentivize engagement by allowing people earn, trade, and devote details and make online payments depending on authentic or Digital currencies. Bundle little transactions into an individual acquire to simplify in-web site transactions and on line purchases.|The SMS channel is utilized to ship out notification messages, when the IVR channel that is as safe being a GSM channel. A offer can Furthermore be initiated over USSD.|Circulation of Information-Primarily based Solutions The e-purse procedure 100 can Moreover be utilized for your circulation of knowledge-based mostly solutions which include ring tones, PINs for refilling pre-paid mobile phone accounts, cell phone wallpapers, cell phone Java online video games and so on.|This demo shows the dashboard Using the transaction background inside the MicroPayments Plugin for registered consumers|Explain to us about this example sentence: The word in the example sentence will not match the entry phrase. The sentence includes offensive articles. Cancel Submit Thanks! Your feedback will probably be reviewed. #verifyErrors message |In certain spots, you'll have to experience some more techniques to receive this activated, which include producing an e-mail from that email handle conveying you recognize the payment construction Which you would probably even now such as the system to be carried out on this account.|Whereas presently a paper vendor calls for to go door to doorway to collect payment each month, This may be avoided While using the current method.|SatoshiPay is an on-line media micropayment System. It enables Web-sites to monetize articles with a simple simply click or via computerized payments. Transaction quantities is likely to be as minor as $0.01 or perhaps fewer (nano-payments) because of smart contracts and blockchain technological innovation.|PayPal checkout But rather than under-going the on-web site checkout system, we click on the PayPal button. This launches a completely new lightbox-sort popup that we really have to await right before we are able to log in.|Observe: Users will need to load their wallet with more than enough virtual currency or have acquired ample points to finish their desired obtain.|A person feasible downside of these types of tokens is that they will be freely available to any one who has entry to the cellular phone.|Additionally the ??ease of use|simplicity of use}??also raises the acceptability of the new micropayment process. It must not force consumers to complete supplemental tasks- create a new account, pay out a price which could irritate them.|PayPal was the winner within the refund class as they'd return your first processing cost. Having said that, as of Oct eleven, 2019, this will no longer be the case.}}

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *